Arthroscopic surgery is a minimally invasive technique used to diagnose and treat joint problems. It allows orthopedic surgeons to address injuries with smaller incisions, reduced pain, and faster recovery compared to traditional open surgery. At the practice of Steven C. Thomas, MD and Donald W Pennington, DO, our board-certified  surgeons specialize in orthopedic procedures in the Las Vegas area.

What Is Arthroscopic Surgery

Arthroscopy involves inserting a small camera into the joint through a tiny incision. This camera provides a clear view of the joint interior on a monitor. Specialized instruments are then used through additional small incisions to perform the procedure.

Joints Commonly Treated With Arthroscopy

Arthroscopic surgery is commonly used on the knee, shoulder, hip, ankle, elbow, and wrist. It is effective for treating ligament injuries, cartilage damage, meniscus tears, and joint inflammation.

Why Arthroscopy Is Used

The minimally invasive nature of arthroscopy offers several advantages. Smaller incisions reduce tissue trauma, minimize scarring, and lower the risk of infection. Patients often experience less postoperative pain and faster rehabilitation.

What to Expect During the Procedure

Arthroscopic surgery is typically performed on an outpatient basis. Depending on the joint and procedure, local, regional, or general anesthesia may be used. Most procedures take one to two hours.

Recovery and Rehabilitation

Recovery time varies depending on the procedure and joint involved. Many patients begin physical therapy shortly after surgery to restore strength and mobility. Compared to open surgery, arthroscopy generally allows a quicker return to daily activities.

Is Arthroscopic Surgery Right for You

Not all joint problems require surgery. Arthroscopy is recommended when conservative treatments fail to relieve symptoms. A consultation with an orthopedic specialist helps determine whether this approach is appropriate for your condition.

Contact Surgeons Dr. Thomas and Dr. Pennington at the Knee and Shoulder Institute in Las Vegas, NV to Schedule an Appointment:

If you would like to schedule an appointment or learn more about the Knee and Shoulder Institute procedures & treatments,contact the office today click here.

Serving patients from and around greater Las Vegas, Lake Havasu, Bullhead City, Mesquite, Pahrump, Nevada

Foot and ankle pain is often dismissed as a minor injury, especially after a twist or fall. While sprains are common, persistent or worsening pain may signal a more serious condition. Recognizing when foot and ankle pain requires medical attention helps prevent long-term damage. At the practice of Steven C. Thomas, MD and Donald W Pennington, DO, our board-certified  surgeons specialize in orthopedic procedures in the Las Vegas area.

Common Causes of Foot and Ankle Pain

Pain in the foot or ankle can result from overuse, trauma, structural abnormalities, or underlying conditions. Common causes include ligament injuries, tendon inflammation, stress fractures, arthritis, nerve compression, and plantar fasciitis.

Signs It May Be More Than a Sprain

You should seek evaluation if pain does not improve within a few days or worsens over time. Warning signs include persistent swelling, inability to bear weight, sharp or stabbing pain, numbness, visible deformity, or pain that returns repeatedly.

Ignoring these symptoms can lead to chronic instability or permanent damage.

Overuse Injuries and Stress Fractures

Repetitive stress from walking, running, or standing for long periods can cause micro-injuries that accumulate over time. Stress fractures may cause localized pain that worsens with activity and improves with rest.

Early diagnosis is critical to prevent progression to a complete fracture.

Evaluation and Diagnosis

An orthopedic specialist may perform a physical exam and imaging studies such as X-rays or MRI to determine the cause of pain. Accurate diagnosis allows for targeted treatment and faster recovery.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the underlying condition and may include rest, immobilization, physical therapy, custom orthotics, or medication. More advanced injuries may require injections or surgical intervention.

Why Early Care Matters

Prompt treatment helps restore function, reduce pain, and prevent chronic issues. Persistent foot and ankle pain should never be ignored.

Contact Surgeons Dr. Thomas and Dr. Pennington at the Knee and Shoulder Institute in Las Vegas, NV to Schedule an Appointment:

If you would like to schedule an appointment or learn more about the Knee and Shoulder Institute procedures & treatments,contact the office today click here.

Serving patients from and around greater Las Vegas, Lake Havasu, Bullhead City, Mesquite, Pahrump, Nevada

Elbow pain is a common complaint among athletes, active individuals, and people who perform repetitive arm movements at work. Two of the most frequent causes are tennis elbow and golfer’s elbow. While their names suggest sports-related injuries, these conditions can affect anyone. Understanding the symptoms and treatment options helps patients recover effectively and prevent long-term issues. At the practice of Steven C. Thomas, MD and Donald W Pennington, DO, our board-certified  surgeons specialize in orthopedic procedures in the Las Vegas area.

What Is Tennis Elbow

Tennis elbow occurs when the tendons on the outside of the elbow become inflamed or damaged due to repetitive wrist and arm motions. It commonly affects people who perform gripping, lifting, or twisting movements, such as office workers, mechanics, and fitness enthusiasts.

What Is Golfer’s Elbow

Golfer’s elbow affects the tendons on the inside of the elbow. It is caused by repetitive wrist flexion or gripping motions. This condition is common among golfers, weightlifters, and individuals whose jobs involve repetitive hand use.

Common Symptoms of Elbow Tendon Injuries

Symptoms of both conditions may include pain, tenderness, and stiffness around the elbow. Pain may worsen with gripping, lifting objects, or rotating the forearm. Weakness in the hand or wrist is also common.

While tennis elbow causes pain on the outer elbow, golfer’s elbow causes pain on the inner side.

Non-Surgical Treatment Options

Most cases of tennis and golfer’s elbow improve with conservative care. Treatment options often include rest, activity modification, physical therapy, bracing, and anti-inflammatory medications. Physical therapy focuses on strengthening and stretching the forearm muscles to reduce strain on the tendons.

In some cases, injections or advanced therapies may be recommended to promote healing.

When Surgery Is Considered

Surgery is rarely needed but may be considered if symptoms persist despite several months of conservative treatment. Surgical procedures focus on removing damaged tissue and restoring tendon function.

Preventing Recurrence

Proper technique during activities, ergonomic adjustments, and strengthening exercises help prevent future flare-ups. Early treatment is key to avoiding chronic pain and prolonged recovery.

Contact Surgeons Dr. Thomas and Dr. Pennington at the Knee and Shoulder Institute in Las Vegas, NV to Schedule an Appointment:

If you would like to schedule an appointment or learn more about the Knee and Shoulder Institute procedures & treatments,contact the office today click here.

Serving patients from and around greater Las Vegas, Lake Havasu, Bullhead City, Mesquite, Pahrump, Nevada

Frozen shoulder, also called adhesive capsulitis, is a painful condition where the shoulder gradually becomes stiff, restricted, and difficult to move. It often develops slowly, worsens over several months, and then eventually improves. Although it is common, it can significantly disrupt daily activities, sleep, and overall quality of life. At T&P Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, our specialists diagnose frozen shoulder early and provide effective treatment options to restore movement and reduce pain.

What Is Frozen Shoulder?

Frozen shoulder occurs when the connective tissue surrounding the shoulder joint becomes inflamed and thickened. This tissue forms the shoulder capsule, which helps stabilize the joint. As the capsule tightens and stiffens, there is less room for the shoulder to move. This restriction leads to progressive pain, stiffness, and difficulty with basic activities such as reaching overhead, putting on clothing, or lifting objects.

Why Frozen Shoulder Happens

There is no single cause of frozen shoulder, but several factors increase the likelihood of developing it.

After Injury or Surgery

If the shoulder is immobilized after an injury or surgical procedure, lack of movement can cause the capsule to tighten and stiffen.

Diabetes and Other Medical Conditions

Frozen shoulder is more common in people with diabetes, thyroid disease, or metabolic disorders. These conditions may affect inflammation and healing.

Autoimmune or Inflammatory Response

Some cases may be linked to an exaggerated inflammatory response that causes the body to produce excess scar-like tissue around the shoulder.

Age and Gender

Frozen shoulder most often affects adults between ages 40 and 60 and is more common in women.

Common Symptoms of Frozen Shoulder

Patients typically experience symptoms in three phases:

Freezing Phase

Pain increases gradually, especially at night. Shoulder movement becomes more limited.

Frozen Phase

Pain may improve, but stiffness becomes severe. Daily tasks feel difficult.

Thawing Phase

Range of motion begins to return slowly as the capsule loosens.

The entire process can take months to over a year without treatment.

How Frozen Shoulder Is Diagnosed

Diagnosis involves a physical exam to assess range of motion and pain patterns. X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI may be used to rule out other shoulder problems, such as rotator cuff tears or arthritis. Identifying frozen shoulder early leads to more effective and faster treatment.

What Helps Frozen Shoulder Improve

Treatment focuses on reducing pain, improving range of motion, and restoring shoulder function.

Physical Therapy

Stretching, mobility exercises, and targeted strengthening help gently restore shoulder movement. This is the most important part of recovery.

Anti-inflammatory Medications

These help control pain and reduce inflammation during the early stages.

Corticosteroid Injections

Steroid injections can significantly reduce pain and improve mobility, allowing physical therapy to be more effective.

Hydrodilatation

This treatment involves injecting fluid into the joint capsule to stretch and loosen it from the inside.

Minimally Invasive Surgery

For severe cases that do not improve, arthroscopic capsular release can loosen the stiffened tissue and restore mobility.

Recovering From Frozen Shoulder

Recovery takes time, but most patients regain near-normal function with proper treatment. Consistency with physical therapy and early intervention make a significant difference.

If you are experiencing shoulder stiffness that is limiting your daily life, T&P Orthopedics and Sports Medicine can help you find relief and regain full function.

Contact Surgeons Dr. Thomas and Dr. Pennington at the Knee and Shoulder Institute in Las Vegas, NV to Schedule an Appointment:

If you would like to schedule an appointment or learn more about the Knee and Shoulder Institute procedures & treatments,contact the office today click here.

Serving patients from and around greater Las Vegas, Lake Havasu, Bullhead City, Mesquite, Pahrump, Nevada

Knee pain caused by arthritis, cartilage loss, or joint degeneration can severely limit mobility and quality of life. When nonsurgical treatments such as injections, bracing, and physical therapy no longer provide relief, knee replacement surgery becomes a reliable and effective option. Depending on the pattern and severity of damage in the knee joint, your orthopedic surgeon may recommend either a total knee replacement or a partial knee replacement. Understanding the differences can help you make an informed decision about your care. At T&P Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, our surgeons specialize in both procedures and create individualized plans to restore comfort, strength, and long-term function.

What Is a Total Knee Replacement?

A total knee replacement, also known as total knee arthroplasty, replaces all three compartments of the knee. These compartments include the medial (inner), lateral (outer), and patellofemoral (front) compartments. During surgery, damaged cartilage and bone are removed and replaced with smooth, durable implants that mimic the movement of a healthy knee.

Best Candidates for Total Knee Replacement

• Patients with advanced osteoarthritis affecting multiple compartments
• Individuals with significant stiffness or deformity
• Patients whose pain limits daily activities such as standing, walking, or climbing stairs
• People who have not responded to conservative treatment

Total knee replacement offers the most comprehensive solution for widespread knee degeneration.

What Is a Partial Knee Replacement?

A partial knee replacement, sometimes called unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, replaces only the damaged section of the knee. If arthritis is isolated to a single compartment, the surgeon preserves the healthy bone, cartilage, and ligaments in the rest of the joint. This allows for a more targeted and less invasive procedure.

Best Candidates for Partial Knee Replacement

• Patients with arthritis limited to one compartment
• Individuals with good ligament stability
• Patients who maintain a healthy weight
• Those seeking a more natural-feeling knee after surgery

Because more of the natural joint is preserved, partial replacement can provide excellent function and a quicker recovery for properly selected patients.

Key Differences Between Total and Partial Knee Replacement

Amount of Joint Replaced

Total replacement resurfaces all three compartments, while partial replacement focuses on only one.

Surgical Approach

Partial knee replacement involves smaller incisions, less bone removal, and less disruption to surrounding tissues.

Recovery Timeline

Partial replacements often have a faster initial recovery and may result in less postoperative discomfort and swelling. Total replacements require more healing time but are more appropriate for widespread arthritis.

Long-Term Outcomes

Total knee replacement generally provides longer-lasting relief when arthritis affects the entire joint. Partial knee replacement can offer excellent durability if arthritis does not spread to other compartments.

Function and Feel

Partial knee replacements often feel more natural because the ligaments, including the ACL and PCL, are preserved. Total knee replacement relies more on implant mechanics to stabilize the joint.

Which Option Is Right for You?

Choosing between total and partial knee replacement depends on several factors:
• The pattern of arthritis on imaging
• Your age and activity level
• Ligament stability
• The presence of deformity such as bowing or knock-knees
• Your overall health and goals

Your orthopedic surgeon will perform a thorough examination, review imaging studies, and explain whether your arthritis is confined to one area or spread throughout the knee. This assessment helps determine which approach will provide the best long-term benefit.

Expert Knee Care at T&P Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

T&P Orthopedics and Sports Medicine provides advanced joint replacement techniques, personalized treatment plans, and comprehensive follow-up care. Whether you are a candidate for a total or partial knee replacement, our team is committed to restoring mobility, reducing pain, and helping you return to the activities you love.

Elbow pain is a frustrating and common problem for athletes of all ages. Whether you throw, lift, swing, or perform repetitive motions, the elbow joint endures tremendous stress—and injuries can occur gradually or suddenly. At T&P Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, our team evaluates and treats the most frequent causes of elbow pain so athletes can recover quickly and return to peak performance.

Why Athletes Experience Elbow Pain

The elbow is a complex hinge joint formed by the humerus, ulna, and radius. It is supported by ligaments, tendons, and muscles that allow for powerful and precise movements. In sports, repetitive use and strain can irritate or damage these structures, leading to pain and dysfunction.

Common Causes of Elbow Pain in Athletes

1. Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis)
Caused by overuse of the forearm muscles, resulting in pain on the outer part of the elbow.
Common in: tennis players, pickleball athletes, weightlifters, and even non-athletes with repetitive gripping motions.

2. Golfer’s Elbow (Medial Epicondylitis)
Affects the tendons on the inside of the elbow.
Common in: golfers, baseball players, climbers, and athletes who perform repetitive wrist flexion.

3. UCL Injuries
The ulnar collateral ligament can be strained or torn from repetitive throwing motions.
Common in: baseball pitchers and overhead athletes.

4. Olecranon Bursitis
Swelling of the elbow’s bursa sac, caused by pressure, impact, or repetitive leaning on the elbow.

5. Elbow Tendon Strains
Overuse during lifting, gripping, or swinging can lead to tendon inflammation or microtears.

6. Nerve Entrapment (Cubital Tunnel Syndrome)
Compression of the ulnar nerve, leading to numbness, tingling, or loss of grip strength.

How Elbow Pain Is Diagnosed

A thorough evaluation includes:

• Medical history and symptom review

• Physical exam to assess strength, tenderness, and range of motion

• X-rays to check for bone issues

• MRI or ultrasound to evaluate soft tissues

Effective Treatment Options

Rest & Activity Modification
Reducing the movements that aggravate the injury is often the first step.

Physical Therapy
Strengthening and stretching exercises help restore mobility and prevent future injuries.

Bracing or Splinting
Supports injured tissues and reduces strain during healing.

Medications
Anti-inflammatory medications may help with pain and swelling.

Injections
Corticosteroid or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections may reduce inflammation and promote healing for some conditions.

Surgery
For severe cases or ligament tears—such as UCL tears—surgical intervention may be recommended. Our orthopedic surgeons perform minimally invasive techniques whenever possible.

Preventing Elbow Injuries

Athletes can reduce the risk of elbow pain by:

• Warming up thoroughly before activity

• Strengthening forearm and upper-arm muscles

• Using proper form and technique

• Avoiding repetitive strain

• Allowing adequate recovery time

Get Back in the Game

Elbow pain shouldn’t keep you on the sidelines. Whether your symptoms are new or persistent, T&P Orthopedics and Sports Medicine offers comprehensive diagnostics and tailored treatment options to help you recover safely.

Schedule a consultation today to evaluate your elbow pain and start your path toward pain-free performance. At the practice of Steven C. Thomas, MD and Donald W Pennington, DO, our board-certified  surgeons specialize in orthopedic procedures in the Las Vegas area.

Contact Surgeons Dr. Thomas and Dr. Pennington at the Knee and Shoulder Institute in Las Vegas, NV to Schedule an Appointment:

If you would like to schedule an appointment or learn more about the Knee and Shoulder Institute procedures & treatments,contact the office today click here.

Serving patients from and around greater Las Vegas, Lake Havasu, Bullhead City, Mesquite, Pahrump, Nevada

Shoulder injuries are common in sports, physical labor, and accidents, but two of the most misunderstood conditions are a dislocated shoulder and a torn labrum. While both can cause pain, weakness, and limited mobility, they are very different injuries that require different treatment approaches. Understanding how they differ is key to getting the right diagnosis and care. At the practice of Steven C. Thomas, MD and Donald W Pennington, DO, our board-certified  surgeons specialize in orthopedic procedures in the Las Vegas area.

What Is a Dislocated Shoulder?

A dislocated shoulder occurs when the upper arm bone (humerus) pops out of the shoulder socket (glenoid). This can happen from a fall, sports injury, or direct blow. Shoulder dislocations can be:

• Anterior: The most common type, where the humerus moves forward out of the socket.

• Posterior: Less common, often from seizures or electric shock.

• Inferior: Rare, with the arm forced downward.

Symptoms of a Dislocated Shoulder:

• Intense pain

• Visible deformity of the shoulder

• Inability to move the arm

• Swelling and bruising

• Numbness or tingling in the arm or hand

What Is a Torn Labrum?

The labrum is a ring of cartilage that lines and stabilizes the shoulder socket. A torn labrum happens when this cartilage is damaged, often from repetitive motion, overuse, or trauma. Types include:

• SLAP Tear (Superior Labrum Anterior and Posterior): Common in throwing athletes.

• Bankart Tear: Often linked with shoulder dislocation.

• Posterior Labral Tear: Less common, often from backward force on the shoulder.

Symptoms of a Torn Labrum:

• Deep, aching pain in the shoulder

• Clicking, popping, or grinding sensation

• Weakness or instability

• Pain with overhead movements

Key Differences Between the Two

• Cause: Dislocations are usually from sudden trauma; labral tears can be from trauma or overuse.

• Symptoms: Dislocations cause immediate, severe pain and deformity; labral tears cause more subtle, chronic pain.

• Treatment: Dislocations require urgent repositioning of the joint; labral tears often need physical therapy or surgery for repair.

When One Can Cause the Other

A shoulder dislocation can cause a labral tear, especially a Bankart tear. In these cases, both issues need to be addressed to prevent recurrent instability.

Contact Us

If you have shoulder pain or instability, an accurate diagnosis is essential for proper treatment. Contact our orthopedic team today to schedule a comprehensive evaluation.

Contact Surgeons Dr. Thomas and Dr. Pennington at the Knee and Shoulder Institute in Las Vegas, NV to Schedule an Appointment:

If you would like to schedule an appointment or learn more about the Knee and Shoulder Institute procedures & treatments,contact the office today click here.

Serving patients from and around greater Las Vegas, Lake Havasu, Bullhead City, Mesquite, Pahrump, Nevada